As taught at the 2009 Stanford Dance Weekend
by Richard Powers and Angela Amarillas
Background: During the 1950s, American teenagers made significant changes to swing dancing. The strong backbeat of rock'n'roll music drove some of these changes, and teens didn't want to dance like their parents, who were actively disapproving of their lifestyle. 1950s teens changed swing's walking step into a touch-step (or tap-step), replaced the triple step with a hooked triple, and some teens replaced swing's rock step with walking forward into a swing figure. i.e., this third change was a figure-ground reversal — the former traveling steps of swing were now done in place; the former rock-step in place now traveled. These are just a few of many modifications that fifties teens made to swing's steps, style and figures. At first these changes were highly varied and regional, but spread nationally when American Bandstand began broadcasting in 1957.
The 60s and 70s: During the 1960s Twist era, New York City Hispanics, largely Puerto Rican and Cuban, kept the fifties "bop" tradition alive, at the St. Mary's Church dances in the Bronx and elsewhere. When the disco scene erupted in New York City in 1970, at The Loft, Gallery and Paradise Garage, partnered dancing was revived, with the disco dancers adopting the local teen swing style kept alive by Latinos during the sixties (hence the term Latin Hustle). The structure, step patterns and figures of disco Hustle are essentially the same as 1950s teen jitterbug/bop, mothballed for a decade. The music and walking style were new, however, which gave this form of swing an entirely different look.
During most of the seventies, disco dancing was primarily partnered dancing, the living tradition of swing. That changed in 1978. To quote Maria Torres, a disco dancer from NYC, "The thing which really killed partner dancing was Saturday Night Fever [December 1977]. It was originally an underground dance, done mainly by Hispanics, blacks and gays, who could really do partner dancing. They were incredible, but that was an underground thing. Then when Saturday Night Fever came out, the masses flocked to the clubs to experience what they saw in the movie. But what they thought the Hustle was was freestyle, because that's what John Travolta did." Partnered Hustle did continue, but was somewhat overshadowed by freestyle solo dancing in the final two years of the disco craze.
The sources: Richard worked as a media and club designer for a large network of discos (New York, Boston, Ft.
Lauderdale, Buffalo, Minneapolis and Houston) in the seventies, from before Saturday Night Fever launched the disco fad until
after it all subsided. He traveled to all of these clubs and participated in the huge NYC disco conventions as well,
so he had a chance to see all of the phases of the disco craze. In addition, he has reconstructed dances from 60
disco dance books printed between 1975 and 1980 (see the bibliography at the bottom of this page).
STEPS DONE IN CLASS
Street Hustle (also called Rope Hustle, Disco Merengue and Merengue Hustle)
Man Steps L
Step R (those two steps usually make a swing move)
Rock back L
Replace R
Woman steps opposite, beginning R.
The first three steps can be done in place, forward or backward, as needed.
Timing is an even quick-quick-quick-quick.
— Or rock step first —
Man rocks back L
Replace R
Step L
Step R
Betty Lee's timing: The first (rock) step is a quick step, 2 and 3 are slow, 4 is extra slow.
Count: and 1 2 3 hold.
American Hustle (also called The Hustle, New York Toe Hustle and Easy Hustle)
Man: Taps L foot to the L without weight (or tap in place, or tap crossing behind)
Close L to R with weight
Tap to the R side without weight
Close R to L with weight either in place or start walking forward R
Step L either in place or rock back or travel forward
Step R either in place or replace or travel forward
Woman steps opposite, beginning R.
The last 3 steps can be done in place, forward or backward, as needed.
Latin Hustle (also called The Hustle, Latin-Swing, New York Hustle and Manhattan Spanish Hustle)
This was the most commonly described Hustle in the disco dance manuals.
Man: Tap L foot to the L without weight (or tap in place, or tap crossing behind)
Close L to R with weight
Quick step back R. Quick close L to R with weight
Step forward R
Step L
Step R
Count: 1 2 3 and 4 5 6.
Woman steps opposite, beginning R.
The last 3 steps can be done in place, forward or backward, as needed.
OTHER 1970s DISCO STEP PATTERNS, not done in class
Disco Swing 1950s Bandstand-style 6-count triple swing done with disco style and attitude.
Hook-step-step, hook-step-step, walk, walk. A 1979 instructional video clip is here.
Continental Hustle Similar to American Hustle. Side L, tap R closed to L, side R, tap L, walk L, walk R.
New York Hustle Simple 4-count touch-step-touch step in place.
Tango Hustle Morph of Tango and Hustle invented for Saturday Night Fever and imitated thereafter.
3-Count Hustle Appeared in only 2 sources at the very end of the 70s. Then it became mainstream in the 80s.
Plus many others: Latin Street Hustle, Triple Hustle, Two-Step Hustle, Lindy Hustle, Fox Trot Hustle, Kick Hustle, Cha-Cha Hustle, plus many line dances called Hustle.
FIGURES done in class (only a few of many)
Butterfly (also called Walk Around Turn, Crossover and Passing Turn)
Take an open two-hand hold and walk around each other, turning clockwise or counterclockwise.
Follow's Outside Underarm Turn (also called Arch Turn and Outside Spin)
In Place: She does a CW spot turn in place; he stays in place.
Crossing Over: Woman passes forward by his left side, turning CW, as in 50s bandstand swing
Follow's Inside Loop Turn (also called Reverse Underarm Turn and Inside Spin)
In Place: She does a CCW spot turn in place; he stays in place.
Crossing Over: Woman passes forward by his right side, turning CCW.
Waist Slide (also called Belt Scratch)
He raises his free R arm slightly, walks forward toward his left breaking through held hands (scratching his belt buckle into held hands), as she walks forward past his left side.
One version has his R arm raised high. A disco film shows him changing her hand into his R.
2-Hand Loop-De-Loops (also called Wrap Turns, Woman's Walk Around and Loop Pass)
2-hand Follow's Loop Turn followed by 2-hand Waist Slide
Dishrag (also called Crossed Twirl and Twist Turn)
From either open 2-hand hold or crossed hands, he raises both hands to turn her under.
Wrap (also called Cradle, Cuddle Turn and Sweetheart)
From 2-hand hold he wraps her CCW in to his right side.
Wheel
Once wrapped up, both walk around the other. Whoever is wrapped usually backs up.
Lead's Wrap (Lead's Sweetheart)
From 2-hand hold, he raises his R hand and wraps himself CCW in to her R side.
Lead's Wrap and Duck-out
The same followed by a Wheel with him backing followed by his ducking and backing out.
Roll Off the Arm
From the Wrap he releases L, she unwinds to swingout at his right side.
Lateral Dip (only one of many disco dips and drops)
From Rolling Off the Arm, she spins back into Wrap, he lunges side L and she leans into his hip.
DISCO BIBLIOGRAPHY From the collection of Richard Powers
1975 Rolling Stone Magazine Disco Issue (10 articles) NY
1976 Adam VIII Ltd. YOU CAN LEARN TO HUSTLE Instruction Booklet w/ Disco Hustle LP NY
1976 The Hustle Factory DO THE HUSTLE - LP with vocal & printed instructions Terre Haute IN
1976 Arthur Murray Schools LET'S DANCE (with disco and Hustle) NY
1976 Rolling Stone, Publisher; Abe Peck, Editor DANCING MADNESS NY
1976 Jeff & Jack Shelley LEARN DISCO DANCING - LP with vocal & printed instructions NY
1976 Jeff & Jack Shelley LEARN DISCO DANCING - 8-track tape instructions NY
1976 Newsweek Magazine THE DISCO WHIRL (cover story) November 8 issue
1976 Tee Vee International, Inc. VOUS POUVEZ APPRENDRE LE HUSTLE Markham, Ontario
1977 Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing DANCING BALLROOM, LATIN AMERICAN AND SOCIAL London
1977 Betty White HOW TO HUSTLE (LP instructions) NY
1977 Betty White HOW TO LATIN HUSTLE (LP instructions) NY
1978 Anon. GET DOWN, FEVER DANCE - mimeographed instructions
1978 Skippy Blair DISCO TO TANGO AND BACK, Downey, CA
1978 Ann Czompo DISCO HUSTLE! Homer, NY
1978 Uta Fischer-Munstermann JAZZ DANCE including DISCO DANCING NY
1978 Gateway Records HUSTLE, BUS STOP & LINE DANCES - illustrated instructions in LP
1978 Albert Goldman DISCO NY
1978 Albert Goldman, LIFE Magazine "The Delirium Of Disco" November issue
1978 Kitty Hanson DISCO FEVER NY
1978 Carole Howard THE COMPLEAT GUIDE TO SURVIVAL SOCIAL DANCE (including Disco) Minneapolis
1978 Janet Jasek DISCO LOVERS GUIDE TO DANCE South Bend, IN
1978 K-Tel Records LEARN TO DO THE HOT CHOCOLATE - illustrated instructions in LP NY
1978 Karen Lustgarten THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO DISCO DANCING San Francisco
1978 Roy Madrid DISCO... YOU SHOULD BE DANCING Los Angeles
1978 Steve Ramacher LET'S DISCO, A Complete Instructional System for Disco Dancing MN
1978 Shelly Schunick DISCO STEPPIN' - instructions and LPs Baltimore, MD
1978 Time Magazine "Travolta Fever" (cover story) April 3 issue NY
1978 Aurora Villacorta DISCO Danville, IL
1978 Jack & Kathleen Villari THE OFFICIAL GUIDE TO DISCO DANCE STEPS Secaucus, NJ
1978 Lester Wilson DANCE DANCE DANCE
1979 Andy Blackford DISCO DANCING TONIGHT London
1979 Nancy Bruning THE KIDS' BOOK OF DISCO NY
1979 Bill Butler & Elin Schoen JAMMIN', Complete Guide to Roller Disco NY
1979 Joetta Cherry & Gwynne Tomlan DISCO DANCING NY
1979 Randy Deats DANCING DISCO NY
1979 Alma Heaton and Don Zimmerman DISCO WITH DONNY & MARIE
1979 Janet Jasek DISCO TEXT - The Complete Book of Disco Dance Instruction Lansing, IL
1979 Ann Kilbride & A. Algoso THE COMPLETE BOOK ON DISCO and Ballroom Dancing Los Alamitos, CA
1979 Kerry Kollmar ROLLER DISCO DANCING (with photos of Kevin Bacon) NY
1979 Jena Lauren DISCO Los Angeles
1979 Lauter Publ Co DISCO STEPPIN' OUT Magazine Vol. 1, No. 1 Hollywood, CA
1979 Carter Lovisone DISCO HUSTLE
1979 Karen Lustgarten THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO TOUCH DANCING San Francisco
1979 Karen Lustgarten GUIDE COMPLET, DANSE DISCO Montreal Quebec
1979 Judi McMahon A GUIDE TO DANCING DISCO NY
1979 Jennifer Meloney YOU CAN DISCO NY
1979 Roberta Morgan DISCO NY
1979 Arthur Murray Disco Dance Studio "DISCOPEDIA" DISCO DANCE LESSONS (series of 4) NY
1979 Newsweek Magazine "Disco Takes Over" cover story April 2, 1979 NY
1979 David Peterson & Laura Trepanier DISCO JUNCTION, Dance Book 1 Minneapolis, MN
1979 Bruce Pollack THE DISCO HANDBOOK NY
1979 Maxine Polley DISCO BASICS Englewood, NJ
1979 Rolling Stone Magazine "Disco" April 19, 1979
1979 Brian Sherratt DISCO CHIC NY
1979 Lani van Ryzin DISCO NY
1979 Deney Terrio THE PROFESSIONAL APPROACH TO DISCO INSTRUCTION NY
1979 Betty White HOW TO DISCO DANCE (with audio cassette) NY
1980 MAD Magazine DISCO - Special issue on disco, with a vinyl parody disco record
1980 Dennis Fallon THE ART OF DISCO DANCING St. Louis, MO
1980 Ronald Lackmann DISCO! DISCO! DISCO!, A Guide to Disco Dancing Middletown, CT
1980 Leonard McGill DISCO DRESSING NJ
1980 Vita Miezitis NIGHT DANCIN' NY
1980 Jerolyn Ann Nentl DISCO DANCING Mankato, MN
1981 Pamela Morton BASICS OF DISCO DANCING Boston
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